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Aia ka maina i ka mahele o nā waihona kumu pele i loko o ke ʻano diatomite sedimentary lacustrine continental. He waihona nui ia i ʻike ʻia ma Kina, a he kakaikahi kona pālākiō ma ka honua. Hoʻololi ka papa diatomite me ka papa lepo a me ka papa lepo. Aia ka ʻāpana geological i loko o ka manawa intermittent ma waena o ka puʻupuʻu pele basalt. Hōʻike ʻia ka papa o ka ʻāina eli ma ka papa ma lalo nei.

Hoʻomalu ʻia ka māhele ākea o nā waihona e ke ʻano paleo-tectonic. Ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka pōʻino o ka lua pele nui ma hope o ka nui o nā lua pele ma ka Himalayas i wahi no ka waiho ʻana o nā diatoms. ʻO nā ʻāpana like ʻole o ke kīʻaha kahiko a me ka ʻaoʻao o lalo o ka wai i loko o ka loko loko i hoʻomalu pono i ka hāʻawi ʻana i nā waihona. Hoʻopilikia ʻia ka ʻāpana marginal o ke kīʻaha e nā kahawai a paʻa ʻole ke kaiapuni sedimentary, ʻaʻole kūpono i ke ola a me ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o nā diatoms. Ma ke kikowaena o ke kīʻaha, ma muli o ka hohonu o ka wai a me ka lawa ʻole o ka lā, ʻaʻole kūpono ia i ka photosynthesis e pono ai ke ola o nā diatoms. ʻO ka hoʻomālamalamaʻana o ka lā, ka sedimentary environment a me ka SiO2 content i loko o ka'āpana hoʻololi ma waena o ke kikowaena a me ka lihi e kūpono i ka hoʻolaha a me ka hōʻiliʻiliʻana o nā diatoms, hiki ke hana i nā kinoʻoihanaʻoihana kiʻekiʻe.

ʻO ka moʻo pōhaku ʻeleʻele ʻo ia ka Maʻanshan Formation sedimentary layer, me kahi mahele o 4.2km2 a me ka mānoanoa o 1.36～57.58m. Loa'a ka papa oka i loko o ka mo'o pōhaku 'ele'ele, me ka leo 'ike ma ke ala kū pololei. ʻO ke kaʻina mele holoʻokoʻa mai lalo a luna ʻo ia: pālolo diatom → pālolo diatomite → diatomite palolo → diatomite → diatom palolo ka lepo → pālolo diatomite → pālolo diatom, aia ka pilina ma waena o lākou. ʻO ke kikowaena o ka puʻupuʻu he maʻiʻo kiʻekiʻe o nā diatoms, he nui nā papa hoʻokahi, nui ka mānoanoa, a me ka pālolo haʻahaʻa; e emi ana ka palolo o ka puolo o luna a me lalo. ʻEkolu mau ʻāpana o ka papa ʻai waena. ʻO ka papa haʻahaʻa he 0.88-5.67m ka mānoanoa, me ka awelika o 2.83m; ʻo ka papa ʻelua he 1.20-14.71m mānoanoa, me ka awelika o 6.9m; ʻO ka papa luna ke kolu o ka papa, kahi paʻa ʻole, me ka mānoanoa o 0.7-4.5m.

ʻO ka ʻāpana mineral nui o ka opal he diatom opal, kahi hapa liʻiliʻi e hoʻihoʻi hou a hoʻololi i ka chalcedony. He wahi liʻiliʻi ka hoʻopiha pālolo ma waena o nā diatoms. He hydromica ka nui o ka pālolo, akā he kaolinite a me ka illite. Loaʻa i kahi liʻiliʻi o nā mineral detrital e like me ka quartz, feldspar, biotite a me siderite. Ua ʻino ʻia nā ʻano kīhāpai. Ua hoʻololi ʻia ʻo Biotite i vermiculite a me chlorite. ʻO ka hui kemika o ka ʻeleʻele e pili ana i ka SiO2 73.1% -90.86%, Fe2O3 1% -5%, Al2O3 2.30% -6.67%, CaO 0.67% -1.36%, a me ka lilo ʻana o ke ahi he 3.58% -8.31%. Ua loaʻa nā ʻano diatoms 22 i loko o ka ʻāina mining, ʻoi aku ma mua o 68 mau ʻano, ʻo ka mea nui ka discoid Cyclotella a me Cylindrical Melosira, Mastella a me Navicula, a me Corynedia ma ke kauoha o Polegrass. He mea maʻamau nō hoʻi ke ʻano. ʻO ka lua, aia ka genus Oviparous, Curvularia a pēlā aku.